Impacts of Tourism in Host Communities Free Essays

IMPACTS OF TOURISM IN HOST COMMUNITIES Tourism is one of the most important worldwide activities; it is also of great importance to the socio-economic and cultural development of a country. Tourism is a vital tool for conservation of natural systems, contributes to sustainable development of local communities and creating communities about sharing experiences. But if this activity is disorganized, uncontrolled and poorly planned can cause damage to both, environmental and cultural. We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of Tourism in Host Communities or any similar topic only for you Order Now People started feeling the necessity to travel when they realise the world was full of new and different things to do, and at the same time those things offer them new lifestyle. However they were not only with the intention to visit and learned, they wanted to establish and teach their own traditions to these new places and societies. Nevertheless, not all people change the community, the majority of time community changes the idea of what would be an appropriate lifestyle of those new members. For this reason we can say that tourism has been creating positive and negative impacts on host communities. On the other hand, when people decide to travel the cultural factor plays an important role at the moment decision is about to make. Tourists usually choose a destination completely different to their current environment. That is why this essay will discuss the good and bad consequences tourism cause on host communities. In addition, it will argue about the importance of the cultural factor within the tourism. Negative impacts on host communities It is hard to think that tourism an activity that can make feel happy can carry negative impacts. According to Bruce (2001), one of the biggest problems of tourism is that tourists and visitors invade places that belong just to the community, such sacred temples or lands, destroying or making bad use of their properties. This is due to travel agents vending trips to the authenticity of host communities, assaulting their private places, ceremonies and rituals. And, because of that tourist may misunderstand the main reason of why those rituals or ceremonies are for, along with bad comments about the destination causing decreasing of the tourism. Tourism also brings a number of consequences such: prostitution, gambling, begging and crime. The existence of these activities except of crime is due the tourist. People create these new services to satisfy the customers in this case the tourists. Prostitution in third world countries is very common. According to Duncan, E, and Navarro, H (2001) in Colombia, Cartagena children prostitution is common due to the economic conditions of the population. The majority of the children don’t have enough money to satisfy their basic necessities such food, and clean water. For that reason they sell their bodies for less than 50 dollars to tourists. One the other hand, another negative impact of tourism in undeveloped countries is the use of money earn by tourism activities. Indigenous from third world countries do not receive any profit made by them, contrary they live in poor conditions. This kind of host communities, despite what is sold to tourists is their lifestyle they suffer from health problems, poor access to education, expropriation of their land, extreme poverty, violation of their right and discrimination. On the other hand crimes increase in countries which the lifestyle is too high, due to the large number of tourist in the area. Furthermore, French, C, and Craig-Smith, S (2000), even though tourisms bring employment, it also brings rivalry between citizens in the community. The type of work that tourism creates is casual or part-time jobs, that means that natives won’t have the opportunity to work all the year. Besides foreign peo ple travel to those communities in peak season and take the job of the citizens. Positive impacts on host communities On the other hand tourism can bring positive impacts to host communities. Gursay and Rutherford (2011) suggest that: Its basic tent is that locals are likely to participate in an exchange if they believe that they are likely to gain benefits without incurring unacceptable cost if locals perceive that the benefits are greater that the cost, they are inclined to be involve in the exchange and, thus endorse future development in their community. † (Gursay Rutherford 2011, p. 95) To travel tourists must have a purpose, most of the time people go overseas to know new cultures, different sceneries. For that reason is important that the destination place have good infrastructure, flora and fauna sanctuaries and great amenities for the tourists. Besides, the local people can make use for personal purpose. In addition, tourism helps the preservation of traditional customs such: dances, food, rites, and festivals. It is important to protect old custo ms to attract tourist to go. Christopher (1998) state: â€Å"The impacts can be positive, such as the case where tourism preserves or even resurrects the craft skills of the population† (Christopher 1998, p. 169). Conclusion In conclusion tourism can bring positive and negative impacts; the negative impacts can be more than the positive. However, it is an industry that won’t finish despite all the consequences its make. Tourism helps the economy and develops of a country. Reference 1. Bruce, D 2001, Environmental, Ecotourism. Socio-cultural impact, John Wiley Sons Australia, Milton, pp. 120-124. 2. Christopher, P 1998, Tourism: principle and practice. The socio-cultural impact of tourism, 2nd edn, vol. 8, Longman, England, pp. 168-184. 3. French, C, Craig-Smith, S, and Collier, A 2000, Principles of tourism. The impact of tourism, 2nd edn, Person Education, Australia, pp. 305-330. 4. Gursay, D Rutherford, D 2011, â€Å"Developing a community support model for tourism†, annals of tourism research, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 64-988, SciVerse ScienceDirect Journals, EBSCohost, Viewed 27 April 2012. 5. Navarro, H, Duncan, E 2001, â€Å"Prostitucion de menores en Cartagena: Estimacion de costos sociales y economicos†, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano seccional del Caribe Departamento de investigaciones, pp. 8-11, google schoolar, viewed 14 March 2012. 6. Wearing, S Neil, J 2009, Ecotourism Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities. Ecotourism and Protected areas: Visitor Management for Sustaninability,2nd edn, Burlington: Elsevier How to cite Impacts of Tourism in Host Communities, Essay examples

Impact of Cultural Diversity Global Business Operations

Question: Discuss about a Essay on Impact of Cultural Diversity on the global business operations? Answer: Identification and critical analysis of different types of cultural frameworks Cultural diversity critically creates a great impact on the execution of the global business operations. The personal culture of an individual is mainly shared with the help of individual's skills, knowledge, traits or the personality residing within the concerned environment (Berardo and Deardorff, 2012). As per the past researchers, different types of the cultures reveals desired facts about different cultures. The researchers have critically formed three cultural models consisting of three cultural influences within the international market. These are personal culture, organizational culture, and the national culture. Diversity reveals the desired facts related to the different behavior, attitudes, values and beliefs of the different people coming from all over the world. The personal culture of the people coming from different countries revealed their attitudes, behavior, traits, qualities and skills within a particular field. The personal culture of the people generally comes from the context of his or her family or friends or from the educational environments (Bryman, 2011). Different types of the people coming from different cultures have a specific culture with them. National culture is that particular culture which generates from the values, beliefs, behaviors and attitudes provided by the heritage of the concerned country (de Castro Campos, Kool and Muysken, 2013). Different nations throughout the country have different beliefs and they encourage different cultures throughout their country. The individuals throughout the nation have wide ranges of beliefs that highlight their national culture. Corporate culture is merely the combination of the shared institutional values, beliefs, organizations philosophy which is revealed in the mission and vision of the concerned organization. Just like the national culture, the corporations view their organizations culture differently (Chen, 2011). It has been seen that different types of the people have their own beliefs and cultures that prevail within the organization (Croll et al., 2010). The ideas and culture of the different people within the organization helps in bringing out the desired innovation techniques and creativity in order to enhance the efficiency of the work processes (Neuman, W. L., 2011). Cultural models including modes of communication and behaviors Communication processes between various employees are considered to more important as it helps in understanding the values and beliefs of the different employees associated within the organization. It has been seen that in different industry sectors, the values and beliefs of the people are quite different (Eide and Nikunen, 2011). There are different types of models for the communication process which helps to understand the particular situation in a better way. These models are the linear model, interactive model, and a transactional model (Rose, 2012). The linear model represents the one-way or the linear process in which the listener listen and the speaker speaks. The next is the interactive model which also highlights the one-way process but the listener never listens and speaks only. The main fact resides that both the listener and the speaker listens as well as speaks one by one. The feedback reveals the fact listening and speaking is carried out in both ways verbally and non-verbally. The third one is the transactional process which highlights that the message can be sent or receive simultaneously. There are three implications of the transactional process related to the sending and receiving messages. Suppliers and customers It has been seen that within the industry sectors the cultural diversity affects the execution of the work processes between the suppliers as well as the customers. Proper means of the communication process helps to enhance the efficiency of the desired work process (Fernando, 2012). It becomes very important for the suppliers to express their particular view in order to increase the selling of the desired products to the customers (Silverman, D., 2011). The communication process helps in understanding the diverse cultures of the customers and the suppliers in a better way (Foster, 2011). The diverse cultures are important in order to increase the selling of the products of any particular organization. Students and tutors Communication process plays the most important role for the students studying abroad. In order to understand the different views of the students, it is very important for the tutors to enhance the communication process, as the diverse cultures affect the educational environment (Galaktionova, 2015). Innovation is the desired tools that are introduced with the help o the diverse cultures of the students coming from different countries (Gone, 2011). Thus, the use of the frameworks for the diversity helps in evaluating the desired knowledge of the people as well as the students and tutors. Medical / healthcare professionals and patients The diverse culture creates a great impact within the medical or the health care sectors. Cultural models help in maintaining the efficiency of the work processes carried out between the health care professionals (Gone, 2011). The diverse cultures help in innovating new ways for assisting the patients within the health care (Snow and Taylor, 2009). Therefore, the proper means of the communication process will help in establishing the desired understanding between healthcare professionals as well as the patients. Implementation of management strategies to overcome diversity challenges Formulation of the strategies is considered to be very important as this will help in reducing the adverse affects of the diversity practices. People need to understand the benefits of diversity practices in different industries or different business sectors. Moreover, the leadership practices from the senior managers or the respective leaders of the concerned organization helps in maintaining the desired efficiency and effectiveness of the entire organization. There are certain important points that need to be considered in order to increase the overall performance of the organization including people from different cultures. Cultural literacy and competency Management strategies are considered to be of great importance as this help in reducing or overcoming the challenges coming from the diverse culture globally. Cultural literacy and the competency are two of the main elements that help in overcoming the challenges that come from the diversity internationally (Shwalb, Shwalb, and Lamb, 2013). Cultural competency is considered to be very important within the healthcare sectors. The cultural competency mainly refers to the ability of the concerned health care system in front of the patients and this includes the desired beliefs and the values of the organization. Cultural literacy helps in making people understand about the desired values and importance of the different cultures of people coming from various countries. Creative conflict Management It has been seen that in many of the organization operating internationally conflicts arise due to various reasons. Therefore, the strategies for managing the conflicts are regarded as to be very crucial. The reduction of the conflicts will help in evaluating the desired growth of the organization and this will bring success for the organization (Snow and Taylor, 2009). Therefore, it becomes the core responsibility of the management team to implement strategies and communicate the desired message to adopt various cultures. There are several barriers such as the language barriers, social-cultural barriers and many more. Innovative ideas, as well as use innovative techniques, will help in managing the conflicts and it enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of the workplace (Yahoo Finance, 2016). The diverse culture sometimes leads to the racial discrimination between the employees or the individuals associated with the concerned organization. Thus, it becomes the core responsibility of the management team of the concerned organization to spread the message of collaboration and cooperation and to encourage diverse cultures, as the respect and encouragement to the diverse cultures helps in reducing the conflicts to a large extent. This also promotes and evaluates the significant growth of the organization. Localization This is one of the major factors which create a major impact in maintaining the diverse cultures between the individuals concerned. It is very important for the organization as well as the management team of the organization to understand the local or regional values and beliefs as this will help in executing the business process of the concerned firm. Establishing the leadership within the organization will help in managing the challenges that arise from the diverse cultures globally (SOUTH SUDAN - SUDAN: Latest Talks Fail, 2013). The issues related to the diverse cultures are commonly seen globally. Poor communication process also influences the diversity management practices within various organizations. Internationalization of websites The internalization of the different websites helps in encouraging the diversity practices internationally. It promotes and encourages the different cultures across different nations throughout the world. it becomes very important for the different organizations operating internationally to maintain the proper balance between the employees as well as the customers of that particular organization. Thus, the diverse cultures play the most important role. Therefore, the diversity practices help in evaluating the desired growth of the organization to a large extent. It enhances the communication process and creates awareness among the people which proves to be very helpful in reducing the discrimination and the social injustice that prevails between the different categories of people due to diverse cultures. Advancement of the communication technology plays the most vital role in reducing the great impact of the diversity across people working internationally. References Bryman, A. (2011).The SAGE handbook of leadership. London: SAGE. de Castro Campos, M., Kool, C. and Muysken, J. (2013). Cross-Country Private Saving Heterogeneity and Culture.De Economist, 161(2), pp.101-120. Neuman, W. L., N. (2011).The Research Design Maze: Understanding Paradigms, Cases, Methods and Methodologies. [online] Papers.ssrn.com. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2103082 [Accessed 15 Feb. 2016]. Rose, G. (2012). [online] Available at: https://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_4892_sum11/geog4892_sum11/materials_files/Rose%20Visual%20Methodologies%20Chpt1+8.pdf [Accessed 15 Feb. 2016]. Silverman, D., S. (2011).Interpreting Qualitative Data. [online] Google Books. Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=uooz4p82sDgCoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Silverman,+D.+(2011),+Interpreting+qualitative+data:+methods+for+analysing+talk,+text+and+interaction,+Sage,+London.ots=uPVJVswfGTsig=IRnj05oks9v_iPdL0M8rjPC6MDE#v=onepageqf=false [Accessed 15 Feb. 2016]. Yahoo Finance, (2016).Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News. [online] Available at: https://finance.yahoo.com/ [Accessed 15 Feb. 2016]. Berardo, K., and Deardorff, D. (2012).Building cultural competence. Sterling, Va.: Stylus Pub. Chen, T. (2011).Implementing new business models in for-profit and non-profit organizations. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA). Croll, B., Jayawardhana, R., Fortney, J., Lafrenire, D. and Albert, L. (2010). NEAR-INFRARED THERMAL EMISSION FROM TrES-3b: AKs -BAND DETECTION AND AN H -BAND UPPER LIMIT ON THE DEPTH OF THE SECONDARY ECLIPSE.ApJ, 718(2), pp.920-927. Eide, E., and Nikunen, K. (2011).Media in motion. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub. Fernando, G. (2012). Review of Counseling diversity.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(2), pp.216-217. Foster, H. (2011).Art since 1900. New York: Thames Hudson. Galaktionova, N. (2015). EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES OF IDENTITY FORMATION: THE NATIONAL-STATE AND ETHNO-CULTURAL ASPECTS.KS, 0(2), p.54. Gone, J. (2011). Is psychological science a cultural?.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(3), pp.234-242. Shwalb, D., Shwalb, B. and Lamb, M. (2013).Fathers in cultural context. New York: Psychology Press. Snow, N. and Taylor, P. (2009).Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. New York: Routledge. SOUTH SUDAN - SUDAN: Latest Talks Fail. (2013).Afr Res Bull Polit, 50(1), pp.19554A-19554C.

The Struggle For Independence In A New free essay sample

World Essay, Research Paper The Struggle for Independence in a New World In Anzia Yezierska # 8217 ; s fresh Bread Givers, we learn about a battle between Sara Smolinsky and her male parent. Her male parent, an Orthodox rabbi, is stuck in the traditions of the old universe and will non digest Sara # 8217 ; s hankering for independency. This fresh takes topographic point in New York # 8217 ; s Lower East Side, where the population chiefly consists of Judaic immigrants who have come to America in hopes of populating a better life than they lived in the shtetls. In America, for the household # 8217 ; s who still lived by the traditions of the old universe, life for the adult females was no different that life in the shtetls. Sara and her household had immigrated to America from a small town in Poland. Harmonizing to their Judaic traditions, the lone function a adult female had in her life was to take attention of the household, and do life easier for their hubbies. We will write a custom essay sample on The Struggle For Independence In A New or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This thought becomes really clear right at the start of the novel. We learn that two of Sara # 8217 ; s sisters, Bessie and Masha, are coming home after being out looking for work so they could gain rewards for the household. The girls of Reb Smolinsky were expected to be the pay earners. Womans in Reb Smolinsky # 8217 ; s family are expected to make all of the work required for maintaining the household alive. Reb does nil to gain money or do life better for his household. He is a spiritual bookman who has devoted his whole life to the survey of the Torah, and his household # 8217 ; s occupation was to do him comfy. All of the loads were placed on Reb # 8217 ; s household ; he carried none of them. Reb was a # 8220 ; dictator # 8221 ; in the family. When Sara # 8217 ; s sister Bessie brought place a adult male for the household to run into, Reb kicked him out of the house. He said that this adult male was non good plenty for his load carrier. He appears to be really loath to give up Bessie, since she brings all of her rewards place to him, and is a faithful retainer. At this point we can see the hurting Sara is in. She had no freedom and no pick in her life. Her lone pick was to function her male parent until she was married, and so go on her life functioning her hubby. But she wanted more. This was America, where adult females were allowed to take how they wanted to populate, and were allowed to get married for love, non merely get married who their male parent told them they must get married. Sara # 8217 ; s inner struggle continued in seeking to understand why her male parent was so rough on her sisters. Sara # 8217 ; s father successfully married off all of her sisters, but non to work forces whom they loved. All of the work forces her sisters brought place who they were in love with were rapidly turned away by their male parent. Reb wanted a affluent hubby for his girls, so that his girls would go on to back up him and convey rewards to the household. Sara did non like the manner her sister # 8217 ; s lives were dictated and controlled. She thought that they should be able to take whom they wanted to get married, and non be forced to get married whom their male parent chose for them. Sara was disappointed to see her sisters give in to their male parent # 8217 ; s abrasiveness, but they were stuck in believing what their male parent preached to them, that # 8220 ; It says in the Torah, merely through a adult male can a adult female enter Heaven. # 8221 ; / gt ; Sara could no longer stand the rough intervention from her male parent. She had to hold something in her life to look frontward to, non a life long sentence of service to her male parent and her future hubby. She wanted freedom. She wanted independency. She did non desire to populate the remainder of her life in a room with a soil floor and no privateness. After a het statement with her male parent, Sara left her female parent and male parent to get down a life on her ain. She began her battle for independency. She wanted to go a school teacher. In her first twenty-four hours off from place, when she stopped to eat a repast, she made the remark # 8220 ; This was the first clip I ate by myself, with silence and hush for my company. # 8221 ; From this statement we know how life was for her up until now. Her whole household lived in one room, crowded with no privateness, but Sara was determined to alter all of that. She attended dark school and worked as an ironer at a wash store. She went through many difficult times, fighting to seek to acquire her instruction and go through the test to acquire into college. After go throughing the test to acquire into college, Sara moved to an flat with a door while she attended college. This was a great accomplishment for her. She eventually had a topographic point of her ain, with a door and a window. At this point Sara becomes cognizant of her freedom and the accomplishments she has accomplished. She thinks back on her yearss selling herring on the streets to seek to convey place money for her household and realizes the achievements she was made to carry through her dream. Sara eventually reaches her end of graduating college and going a instructor. At her college graduation, she is awarded one thousand dollars for winning an essay competition by composing an essay titled # 8220 ; What College has done for Me # 8221 ; . Equally shortly as she graduated, she bought a new outfit to have on when she was learning. When she bought that outfit, for the first clip in her life she felt successful and affluent. She got a occupation at a school non far from where her household used to populate, and she couldn # 8217 ; t assist but believe of her household and how they were making. She went to see her deceasing female parent, who was so aroused that she lived to see the twenty-four hours that her really ain girl had graduated college and go a school teacher. Sara # 8217 ; s male parent was non rather as happy to see her. He had disowned his girl for go forthing the household and non back uping him. After the decease of Sara # 8217 ; s female parent, Reb even wrote a missive to the principal of Sara # 8217 ; s school connoting that the school should direct portion of Sara # 8217 ; s rewards to him because she abandoned her male parent. Sara neer did acquire out of her duty to function and take attention of her male parent. The novel ended with Sara offering to allow her beget come and unrecorded with her so she could take attention of him. This fresh truly illustrates the battles immigrants who came to this state had to cover with. Like Sara, many other adult females wanted their lives to hold more significance that they were accustomed to. Coming to America gave money of them the chance to accomplish their independency, merely as Sara did in Bread Givers. Bibliography Anzia Yezierska, Bread Givers ( New York: Persea Books, 1999 ) ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Night Shift Essays - English-language Films, Startup Cult

Night Shift Night Shift I'm not sure what attraction I feel towards working in a hospital. When I was younger I hated even thinking about them. They smelled funny, everyone looked nervous, and a lot of places were off limits. But I think the thing that scared me the most was the thought of needles. Yet after working on the night shift for about a year, I've found hospitals to be more than just a place where people are sick. They are a place to observe life. But I'm still scared of needles. One of my most memorable patients was an elderly man who had Lou Gehrig's Disease. When I met him he was on a ventilator, a feeding machine, and an IV. All this to keep him alive. He was slowly losing his ability to control his muscles. He couldn't talk, so I learned to lip-read what he wanted, which wasn't an easy task for either of us. But I didn't stop trying and he didn't give up on me. After awhile we were able to carry on a fairly good conversation. He'd mostly listen or ask questions while I talked about cars, the army, and the weather. Being able to communicate with someone was something I know he dearly missed. I cried when I found out he had died. I knew it would happen one day, I just didn't want to lose my friend. After thinking about it for so long I believed I was strong enough to take the emotion. I was wrong. I also took care of an 18-year-old that had been in a car accident. He was a passenger in the car and his drunken friend was trying to show off. He had been put in the neurology unit because they suspected that he might have damaged his spinal cord or brain. When I came in to see him he was scared to death. He was a normal teenager out having fun on a Saturday night. Thirty minutes later he was laying on a hospital bed in a neck brace with the horror of surgery to follow. I knew he was afraid, so I talked to him about school, sports, anything to get his mind off of the surgery. I think that made him feel better, but I was still mad at the one who had put him there. Hospital work isn't all sad. Sometimes it's happy and even funny. I took care of a very sweet lady who had been a nurse when she was younger. She always wanted to help. She would stroll out to the nurse's station looking for someone to take care of. Although, I don't think she realized that she was a patient. I think some of the greatest people in the world are the ones who we might consider out of it. One reason is they usually say what they think, they don't hold back. I remember one lady in particular that had a dark colored bruise on her arm from an IV. She looked deep into my eyes as she pointed to her arm and said, "I'm not a Negro--I know you think I'm black, but I'm not." I didn't know how to respond to that except burst out in laughter like all the nurses around me. Nurses laugh a lot--they have to. Sometimes it's the only way to keep from stressing out. But then, who can help themselves from snickering when the old man in room 111 sneaks out of his room in nothing but his birthday suit?

Martin Luther King Essays (476 words) - Anglican Saints,

Martin Luther King Brainard 1Craig BrainardMrs. RobinsonJunior Honors English8 January 1998Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Junior stepped up to the podium in Washington D. C. to deliver one of the most famous and influential speeches of our time. The crowd of over 200,000 listened to his I Have a Dream speech, in which King attempted to convince people to live together in peace and understanding of one another. This was one of his many successful non-violent demonstrations. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Junior had always been close to discrimination. At an early age, he, like many other black children, was told to no longer play with his white friends. He was called a nigger on numerous occasions. Despite these racial handicaps, King was admitted to Morehouse College at age fifteen, without completing high school. He graduated from Morehouse in 1948 and, in 1955, received a Ph.D. in theology from Boston University. As a preacher, he tried to convey the message of peaceful resistance to social injustices. While working toward his Ph.D. in Boston, he met his future wife, Coretta Scott. They had four children; two sons and two daughters. Martin Luther III, Dexter Scott, Yolanda Denise, and Bernice Albertine were the fruits of their passion. King's dream was of a desegregated south. He studied the ways of his Indian counterpart, Gandhi, who also fought social injustices without throwing a punch or firing a shot. King was jailed several times, as was Gandhi, in his search for social equality. After a brief stint in prison, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He also lead a march on Washington D. C. where he delivered his most famous speech, I Have a Dream. Some of the words of this speech follow.When we allow freedom's ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day, when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands, and sing in the words of the old Negro Spiritual: Free at last, free at last. Thank God almighty, we are free at last! Early in 1968, King traveled to Memphis, Tennessee to support a strike by poorly paid sanitation workers. There, on April fourth, he was assassinated by James Earl Ray. Ironically, his death prompted many violent riots from blacks in many southern cities. He was buried in his hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King's message was a simple one: Problems can be solved without the use of violence. His message should not be forgotten, nor should it be shunned. This January fifteenth, do something positive for yourself or your community. English Essays

Social Work in canada Essay Example

Social Work in canada Essay Example Social Work in canada Essay Social Work in canada Essay Essay Topic: The Social Contract Learning Goals In this module students will be able to examine and discuss: The differences between social services delivered by the government (public sector), the voluntary sector (non-profits and the private sector (for profits The programs delivered by each sector; The strengths and weaknesses of each of these approaches to service delivery; Ethical issues related to service delivery; The significance of informal helpers; and, The consumer movement. The concepts of informal helpers and the consumer movement will be defined in the module. 2 Readings and Guiding Questions Required Readings While reading the lecture notes for this module, you will be Instructed, at various points, to read certain chapters from your Turner and Turner textbook and/or to read resources found on the Internet. Below Is a summary of the required readings found in this module? It Is essential that you read these resources as you could be tested on the final exam. Turner and Turner, Chapter 14: Agencies in General Turner and Turner, Chapter 26: Informal Helping and Mutual Aid Turner and Turner, Chapter 15: Industries and the Provision of Social Services Part 1: Read Turner and Turner, Chapter 14: Agencies in General. Note sections that address the issue of funding. ) Then, based on your reading, answer the following questions in writing in your own private notes: 1 . How does the voluntary sector find the money for its programming? 2. In chapter 14, page 21 5, the author states that The recent policy objectives of fiscal restraint and prevarication have made the purchase of services from commercial providers attractive to governments. What do you think of these policy objectives? She goes on to give as one of the reasons for this attractiveness as increased efficiency through competition What political ideology do you think this presents? Do you agree or disagree? Issues related to prevarication continue to be hotly debated, while the commercial sector grows and thrives. 3. Check out as many of the funding sources for the three sectors as you can find in your text. Explain one strength and one limitation that exists for each sector in delivering responsive social services. Part 2: Read Turner Turner, Chapter 26: Informal Helping and Mutual Aid. Use the following questions to help you to focus on and understand the key concepts and ideas In the readings. Jot down your ideas for your future review. 1 . Cosmos, the author of this chapter, makes the following assertion (as noted below). Name the three major reasons he gives for this change In attitude. There are a number of reasons why professionals are now less likely to see Informal kinds of helping as insignificant, antagonistic, or competitive. 2. How does Cosmos define 3. Why are social service professionals so far down the list when people consider looking for help? 4. Explain the difference between mutual aid and self-help groups? Give three examples of each. 5. Both the formal service system and the informal sector have strengths and weaknesses. Name one major strength and one weakness for each. Part 3: Click on the links below and see what governments do in the area of social welfare and social policy. Navigate around a bit so you become familiar with the sites (five or ten minutes each will do). Saskatchewan Ministry of Social Services Human Resources and Skills Development Canada 3 Introduction Read the following example of a community project. Look for the intended goal or goals in this example and see if you can identify potential problems in meeting these goals. The goal of the Youth Futures service delivery was to assist in the development f personal and economic self-sufficiency for a particular client group. This goal is not uncommon. In the case of Youth Futures, the client group consisted of young adults on social assistance. The majority were of Aboriginal ancestry and a large number were single parents, primarily women. These two groups and their relationship to personal and economic well being will be discussed more thoroughly in subsequent modules. Wait For now, think about the possible needs of this particular client group as you read through the following information. Question Ask yourself how their needs might be dressed through a different service delivery approach that would successfully achieve the stated goal. Youth Futures was a pilot project implemented by the provincial government in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan in 1997. The purpose of the project was to provide education and Job training opportunities for low-income 18-21 year olds. The government wanted to reduce the rising number of people on social assistance and believed that offering services to young adults could break the welfare cycle. The success of the pilot would determine whether this approach should be extended throughout the province. Three government ministries now titled, Social Services; Education; and Advanced Education Employment and Labor, initiated and directed the project. Representatives from these ministries formed a steering committee in Prince Albert. They hired a director and invited community members to participate on the committee. The community members included Aboriginal elders and representatives of the 18-21 year old client group. The project director and representatives of the steering committee hired five staff members to work directly with the young adults. In October, approximately 350 clients were transferred from Social Services to Youth as expected to meet with one of the five staff members to develop an action plan and then to evaluate the plans success in future meetings. The possibilities for action plans included: attending high school or ASSIST to complete a Grade 12, participating in a life skills course or a Job training program of less than 11 weeks, or doing volunteer work. Youth Futures involved a change in financial support. Before the transfer from Social Services, basic living expenses such as rent and utilities had been paid directly by the government. Clients received two small cheeses, one near the middle and the there at the end of the month, to cover food and minor expenses only, and any allotment for day care was tied to program attendance. Forms were submitted and verified before any money was released. To move toward the intended goal of self-sufficiency, each Youth Futures client now received a full queue once a month to cover their basic needs; rent, utilities and food, plus daycare money for those who were attending programs and had dependents. The expectation was for them to accept financial responsibility. A final report released in March 1999 provided information about the Youth Futures artisans. During the history of the project, over 68% had been female, 52. 5% had at least one dependent, and 87% were of Aboriginal ancestry. Although some statistics were quoted regarding success rates, the evaluator noted that a system had not been available at the beginning of the project to record the actions taken with clients and their outcomes. In addition to this methodological problem, a huge amount of written data that did exist combined with a large amount of missing or not-entered data made a meaningful quantitative analysis very difficult. The project operated until March 2000. At that time the government withdrew the funding and the project closed. No reason was forthcoming. The 1999-2000 Annual Report from Saskatchewan Post Secondary Education and Skills Training, as Advanced Education Employment and Labor was then called, only indicated: Section 2. 4. 3. Implement a pilot project to test approaches for providing youth on social assistance with education, training, work experience and other supports to become self-sufficient. The 2-year pilot in Prince Albert, Youth Futures, (1997/98 and 1998/99), to assist youth in making the transition to adulthood and becoming contributing embers of society was funded for an additional year to enable evaluation. It concluded on March 31, 2000. This is a brief look at one example of delivering service to a community. Additional information regarding the Youth Futures project is available upon request from the Ask. Department of Community Resources. 4 The Government (Public Sector) As we learned in the module on social policy, economics and political ideology determine the extent of government involvement in delivering social services. The assumption is that governments which are more oriented towards a socialist ideology revise and to have control over their delivery. Governments with a conservative ideology limit their involvement in providing direct services and service delivery is provided primarily by the voluntary or private sector. Yet, globalization and capitalism in general have created a scenario whereby all governments appear to function somewhere between socialist and conservative ideologies. The emphasis is on debt reduction, economic security, and on ensuring that the powerful business class is not alienated or unhappy. A recent example of government ideology determining social policy is seen in the area of child care. Under the Liberal government of Prime Minister Paul Martin agreements were concluded with most provinces during 2004-2006 whereby the federal government would substantially increase funding of day care programs that would increase the number of spaces and the quality of care in licensed facilities. In January 2006 a Conservative government was elected which almost immediately canceled the Liberal day care agreements and instituted a programmer which would transfer $1200/year to families for each child under six regardless of income level. This appears to be a government with a conservative ideology instituting a universal aerogram but with limited application (children under six) and much reduced funding which only serves to reduce the progressive/conservative distinction. Which programmer would you see as benefiting children and families the most? Which might be most economical? All levels of government, federal, provincial and municipal, deliver government services. Although various services are the responsibility of a particular level, in practice these services may be provided by another level of government. For example, the provincial government is responsible for education and the federal overspent bears responsibility for the education of Aboriginal people. In the case of the Youth Futures example previously described, the majority of 18-21 year olds were Aboriginal. When clients left the reserve and moved to Prince Albert to take advantage of Youth Futures, the province was reluctant to fund these clients. Why might this be? The participants also risked losing reserve funding if the reserve takes the position that once the individual left the reserve, he or she was no longer their responsibility. Ids This blurring of boundaries also occurs because much of the funding is cost-shared. Decisions made at the federal level can determine what services the provinces or the municipalities are capable of delivering. Is this something like he who pays the piper calls the tune? With a pilot project like Youth Futures, the province provides initial funding but this money is limited to two or th ree years. At that point the municipality or community is expected to continue on their own. Why do you think that Prince Albert was unable to provide funding for the continuation of this project? revise even though these are considered the responsibility of the provinces. Other programs that the federal government delivers include services for seniors, employment/unemployment services, and immigrant and refugee resettlement. The provincial government in Saskatchewan is responsible for service delivery of education, social services and child welfare. In the past it has provided health and mental health services. However, many of these have now become the responsibility of health districts. The provincial government, though, provides funding for these districts plus financial support for a number of voluntary organizations providing health services. The provincial government is now involved with immigrant and settlement services. Municipal governments have developed and delivered services, often in response to local problems. These might include programs for the homeless, for street youth, or for young street workers. Municipal governments are also responsible for infrastructure costs to local roads and highways. Some municipalities have social planning departments that monitor social issues and plan responses. Municipalities typically enter into agreements with other agencies and levels of government because their funding sources are more limited. Recently, services offered by municipalities have declined because of shrinking transfer payments and increasing demands for tax cuts. 4. 1 Strengths and Weaknesses Government (the Public Sector) In theory, a program run by a democratic government reflects the will of the community. It has the force of public policy and commitment, involves careful scrutiny and accountability, and has a stable infrastructure. Services are provided for people, regardless of their ability to pay. Workers tend to have adequate salaries and some protection because governments typically have employees unions. Hands But, as we know, the waters are muddy in practice. Services provided by government for people regardless of income are favored by more socialist (and to a lesser extent by liberal) governments, while more conservative governments tend to limit services to those with the most limited incomes. The child care example on the previous page illustrates Just the opposite a conservative government providing a grant for every child regardless of family income. Debut there are problems with government services. They can be subject to political ideologies and respond to changes in government (child care program orientation for example) rather than thoughtful planning. Another example, in recent years neo-conservative governments have limited both public and voluntary top heavy. Governments that are assumed to espouse socialist and liberal ideologies may have policies that appe ar to be conservative, often a response to their concerns about risks to their political survival. Both workers and clients can feel powerless in determining programs and how services are delivered. Real problems can be denied and hidden because of a governments need to remain free of criticism and maintain the interests of its political masters. 5 The Voluntary Sector WFM In Canada we have had a long history of social services provided by community- minded volunteer groups, religious or faith community groups and other special interest groups. Many of these volunteers addressed issues of concern to their community before any level of government developed a structure for the delivery of social services. These volunteer, religious and special interest groups are currently categorized either as non-governmental organizations (Nags) or as community- based organizations (Cobs). Some call them the non-profit sector and other appellations. Nos or Cobs are usually operated by a voluntary board of directors. The board determines the purpose of the organization and how it will fulfill its goals. It may receive funding from government grants, various funding sources, from community fund raising efforts such as the United Way and its own efforts, e. G. Bottle drives, or from charging fees for service or a combination of these. A very few examples of these organizations are: Big Brothers/Sisters; battered womens shelters; gay and lesbian heath/social service agencies; youth drop-in centers; family service agencies; food banks; soup kitchens; seniors groups; and peccadillo health associations such as the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CAIN), the Alchemists Society and the Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Society. Strengths and Weaknesses Workers can often have more input in decision-making because voluntary organizations tend to be smaller than governments and have a flatter organizational structure (fewer managerial levels). Consumers can also have influence through membership on the board of directors. Because of their voluntary nature, there is less chance of political interference but that might depend on the extent of government funding. Finally, changes can be made more easily within these organizations than within large bureaucratically operated structures. One of the biggest problems is raising money, whether through grant applications or fund raising activities. Finances are uncertain and can take time and energy away from delivering services. Voluntary organizations also have a difficult time finding resources for clients considered unpopular. For example, people are more likely to donate to programmers for children with disabilities than to those for adolescent the latter groups may have a greater need for service. 6 The Private Sector The Turner text, Chapter 14, uses the term private for not for profit and for profit commercial services for those that are privately owned. In this module, the term private is reserved for services that are commercial. These are delivered by individuals or organizations that are privately owned and that operate for profit. In recent years, there has been a trend to provide services on a for profit basis. Individuals or groups form a business and sell their services. The profit goes to those who own the business. This can involve a single social worker in a private counseling reactive or companies such as those operating many nursing homes as a large international corporation. Managers in the private (commercial) sector may be trained professionals or they may be individuals with a business point of view who see the service as a product. Although social workers have often been criticized for engaging in for profit work, private practice has become an aspiration for many. It holds the appeal of being ones own boss and determining what is in the clients best interests. On the negative side, only those with the ability to pay become eligible. Services for poor people, such as advocacy and financial assistance, are virtually non- existent in the private sector. An exception to some extent for the provision to persons with marginal incomes is the employee benefit, the Employee Assistance Programmer (EPA), though the catch is that one must be employed by an employer who subscribes to this type of benefit. Examples of private services include: private counseling agencies (see the yellow pages); privately owned nursing homes; and proposals such as the Omni Surgery Centre. As we can see, private services are a growing segment of our health care services. In some provinces (not Saskatchewan) day care may be provided commercially. Private sector organizations have argued that their services are more flexible, less expensive, and more responsive to consumer demand. There are those who believe that the free market system allows the best services to flourish and the poor ones to disappear. In addition, private organizations often lack the huge bureaucracies that plague the larger public services. The primary risk here is the deterioration of services when profit becomes the motivating factor. There is also a tendency to hire on-union employees who will work for lower salaries and may not be as well trained. Market-driven services are developed for those who can afford them. Issues of social Justice and professional ethics may not be priorities in service delivery. Finding the money to provide social services is a challenge for all three sectors. Ethical Issues in Service Delivery There are many issues to consider in the development and delivery of services. Many of these have an ethical component. The most common issues include the following: Who makes the decisions within the agency or organization? Do service participants or employees have influence? Who is able to access the service? Do issues of cost, location, or staffing result in the exclusion of particular grou ps? Is appropriate care taken to hire qualified staff and to develop ethical procedures? For example, how is confidentiality ensured in a counseling agency? Is the organization committed to eliminating racism, homophobia, and sexism from their programs? Is the staff Do the workers receive an adequate salary and benefits? Is the workplace free of abuse for staff, volunteers and clients? 000004239994XSmall Although the responsibility for ethical service begins with the board of directors, the overspent leaders, or the owners of the organization, everyone has a responsibility. Social workers, in particular, are obligated to speak up when procedures violate the Social Work Code of Ethics. Help from Informal Sources Previous pages in this module dealt with services delivered by organizations that are structured and formalized to a lesser or greater extent, but most people receive help from informal sources as covered in Turner and Turner, Chapter 26. These sources include family members, friends, a faith community, a cultural community and self- help groups: Family Members many people have a parent, grandparent, brother, sister, aunt or uncle or other relative they go to when problems arise. It does not take professional expertise to listen and support a member of ones own family. However, it is important not to idealize family relationships. As noted by Cosmos, the author of Chapter 26, for some people, the family network is the very reason they need help; they are abused, neglected, abandoned by their kith and kin. Friends precept for extremely isolated people, the majority of us have friends who can provide help. Because trust is critical, we automatically turn to someone we know ell and believe is trustworthy when we have a problem. Faith Community Germany people receive comfort and personal support from their faith community. In addition to informal helping, some communities have developed more formal counseling and outreach services. Cultural Community alike faith communities, cultural communities can offer tremendous support. Refugees, for example, would likely turn to members of their cultural and language group in times of difficulty. Self-Help Groups redpoll who have experienced a specific illness or addictions such as alcoholism, rugs, or eating disorders can receive help from those with the same problem. These are the people who genuinely understand and can share what was helpful to them. Simply knowing that one is not alone and different can make a tremendous difference. Some of these groups, such as those for diabetics or Alchemies or Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous, have developed a formalized structure. However, if a client does not wish to Join a self-help group, numerous books and tapes are available for individual use. 9 The Consumer Movement What should we be called? In the health system, were referred to as patients. But this term can be associated with someone who is lacking in insight and expertise. The sick person becomes dependent on a professional and the patients observations can be dismissed in favor of the superior knowledge of the expert. Also taken on negative characteristics. More recently social workers have been struggling to find language that is more empowering. Terms such as service user and consumer have been used. It is believed that referring to someone as a consumer implies equality because the one receiving the services is in charge and the service provider becomes a servant of sorts. Consumers now have the power. If they are not satisfied with the service, they can take their business elsewhere. Nevertheless, even these terms have been viewed as less than adequate. That is, human service workers continue to struggle to find language that is not disemboweling. In one Saskatoon agency, for example, workers have decided to avoid terms such as consumer and service user. Instead, they talk about the families and individuals who access services. Some social activists believe that using the term consumer simply obscures the reality of the power imbalance between consumer and service provider. It buys onto the business model and describes a relationship between two participants instead of viewing social services as societal relationships that affect all people. Activists prefer the term citizen. They believe this word has much broader implications of empowerment and responsibility. Some people who have been unhappy with the services theyve received call themselves survivors. For example, many consumers of psychiatric services refer to themselves as survivors of psychiatry. Anti-oppressive social work practitioners emphasize that language is important and that we must continue to reflect on how we use it. What term do you see as most appropriate? 9. 1 Consumer Empowerment People Empowerment stricter providers and advocates believe that a deliberate strategy is necessary to include those persons using services to be part of decision making. The following outline indicates some of the ways that this occurs. People Run Services Collectives Self help groups Hired professionals to work for the consumers Partnerships People are in equal partnership with service providers Contractual agreements Consultation Direct consultation(s) Advisory committee(s) Program evaluations that invite consumer responses Tokenism Representation on boards but no real influence on policy decisions Opinions sought but ignored Placement on organizational charts but having no real power 10 Group Discussion Forum Assignment staples go to group discussion forum for this module. All groups are to discuss the question for this module with other group members and post before the end of the module day. In responding to the questions, also include responses to the postings made before you. The point of the Discussion Forum is not only for you to think about Question What are some of the key issues that had a particular impact on you during the adding for this week? Were there any new ideas for you? Was there relevance to your life? How might these reflections influence your decisions about how you will approach the profession of social work? 11 Journal Assignment Act Please answer the following questions and include your answers with the Journal hand-in assignments. Remember a time when you turned to someone for help with a problem. It could be a formal agency or an informal helper or helping system. What was your experience? Please dont describe the problem in detail. How would you describe the qualities that make a successful helper?

Do You Need a Teaching Degree to Be a Teacher

Do You Need a Teaching Degree to Be a Teacher SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you have a goal of becoming a K-12 teacher, there are a number of ways to become licensed. Depending on where and what you want to teach, you can pursue a degree from an approved teacher education program or a means of alternative certification. In this article, we’ll cover how and where you can get a teaching degree, as well as which type of certification is best for your situation. Do You Need a Teaching Degree to Become a Teacher? Bottom line: do you need a teaching degree to become a teacher? Well, it’s complicated. Speaking from personal experience, I’m a licensed teacher in the state of Tennessee with endorsements in three subject areas. However, I never got a teaching degree; I received an alternative license through Teach for America. What you need to become a teacher will be dependent on the state you want to teach in and what you want to teach. Some states will allow alternative certifications; some will not. Some will require specialized coursework if you want to teach certain subjects (e.g., upper grades math); some will not. You can find information on your state’s requirements by visiting your state’s department of education website. How to Get a Teaching License If you want to become a teacher at a public school in the United States, you need to obtain a teacher’s license. Each of the 50 states has its own process and requirements for obtaining a teacher’s license. Most states require that you complete some sort of teacher training program (e.g., obtaining a bachelor’s degree in education) and pass standardized tests that prove your mastery of the content you’re teaching. You might also need to have supervised teaching experience, such as working for a year as a student-teacher. Once you obtain your teacher’s license, you’ll likely need to keep your license in good standing by participating in continuing education programs or taking other tests. Types of Teaching Degrees There are a number of different types of teaching degrees. Depending on what you want to teach, you might choose to pursue one of these paths. Associate’s Teaching Degree An associate’s teaching degree is one that you get by completing your associate’s program. An associate’s program usually takes two years and you can complete it at a community college. If you receive an associate’s degree in education, you probably won’t be able to be a full, lead classroom teacher. The vast majority of states require at least a bachelor’s degree for you to be the head teacher. Associate’s degrees qualify you to work as an assistant teacher or to work in pre-K. You’ll take classes on basic principles of education and pedagogy. You might complete an internship in a school, but probably won’t do a full student-teaching semester, as associate’s degree programs are already quite short. Bachelor’s Teaching Degree A bachelor’s teaching degree requires you to complete a four or five year program at a traditional college or university. In a four-year program, you’ll take classes on basic principles of education and pedagogy. You’ll likely also choose to specialize in a specific teaching area, like elementary or high school education. If you decide to be an elementary school teacher, you’ll take more classes on foundational learning objectives. If you decide to be a middle or high school grades teacher, you’ll take classes on how to teach specific subject areas. Most bachelor’s programs require you to do at least one semester of student teaching, if not a full year. They’ll also prepare you to take teacher licensing exams, like the Praxis exams. In most states, obtaining a four-year bachelor’s teaching degree will qualify you to be an apprentice teacher leading your own classroom. Master’s Teaching Degree A master’s teaching degree gives you more specialized training in your field. Most master’s programs are one or two years long. Obtaining a master’s degree can open you to more options in your teaching career. Some teaching fields, like special education, require more training in certain states. Most school districts also offer higher salary levels for teachers with master’s degrees. As part of your master’s degree program, you’ll likely have to do field work. This field work will be different than regular student teaching. You might be conducting research for a capstone project or observing specific programs. Obtaining a master’s degree will qualify you to be a lead teacher in your subject area. Alternative Paths to Teaching If you don’t have a college degree in teaching, you might still be able to be a K-12 teacher. Here are some alternative paths to teaching. Working at a Non-Traditional School If you want to be a teacher but don’t have a teaching degree, you might be able to work at a non-traditional school. While public schools managed by state and local departments of education have strict licensing requirements, schools that manage themselves set their own requirements for hiring teachers. Charter schools and private schools, for instance, often allow candidates with certain skills or experiences to become teachers, even without teaching experience. For instance, if you worked as a biology researcher, you might be allowed to become a science teacher, even if you don’t have any teaching experience. Going Through an Alternative Certification Program Alternative certification programs like Teach for America provide candidates with a nontraditional path to become a teacher. These certification programs work with specific school districts to become a licensing body, just like a college or university. Alternative certification programs have their own requirements and you’ll have to apply to be accepted. Depending on where you are and what program you’re in, you’ll need to complete different types of training. Teach for America, for instance, requires its corps members to complete an intensive summer program. Alternative certification programs work with school districts to help you obtain your license by fulfilling their requirements. Obtaining Subject Matter Expertise Depending on your state and what you’d like to teach, you might be able to get a teaching license by demonstrating subject matter expertise. This path to your teacher’s license is typically for people who want to teach upper-level subjects, like AP biology or calculus. You can demonstrate subject matter expertise through a combination of work experience and education. You’ll need to research your district’s requirements to see if this path is an option for where you want to teach. Teaching Degrees: The Bottom Line The type of teaching degree you’ll need depends on where and what you want to teach. Each state has its own requirements. You can pursue a teaching degree through a traditional program, like a bachelor’s degree at a college or university, or through an alternative means of certification. What’s Next? Getting ready to take the GED?Read our complete guide on GEDs for everything you need to know about this important exam. If you're hoping to attend college but are unsure howto begin the search process, check out this step by step guide for doing college research. If you're looking to get a teaching degree, you may choose to attend community college for a year or two and then transfer to a four-year college. Read our complete guide to transferring colleges to learn more about this process.